INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

Exports are the goods which a country sells to other countries imports are the goods which a country buys from other countries it is better from exports than it buys from overseas imports but very few countries are able to do this when a country spends more funds on imports than it earns from exports then its savings are decreased it may then have to borrow from banks or other countries and payback with interest Pakistan is largely an agricultural country more than 90 per cent of her exports are agricultural goods or things made from agricultural products such as clothing, carpets, leather goods and sports equipment.

Cotton goods	69.3 %
Leather goods	7.0 %
Rice	5.5 %
Sports goods	2.66 %
Carpets	2.20 %
Fish	1.68 %
Surgical instruments	1.84 %
Rest	9.82 %

Unfortunately, most agricultural products are fairly cheap and do not bring in as much money as manufactured goods like care televisions electronic equipment oil and chemicals. Pakistan has to import many of the manufactured goods it needs, such as machinery, transport equipment, oil chemicals, all of which are very expensive. It does not have many large industries yet, though these are steadily increasing.

This chart shows the comparison between some of Pakistan`s industries in 1964 and 2000

Year	Cement	Chemicals	Bicycles	Fertilizer	Iron/Steel	Electricity
1964	1.6 m.t	64 m.t	98000	164000	Nil	700 mgwh
2000	9.6 m.t	400 m.t	537000	2017000	387 m.t	58 000mgwh

   Although Pakistan is largely an agricultural country, its industry is steadily growing. Pakistan tries, as much as possible to use raw material that grown or found at home for its industrial products.

Chemicals
Chemicals are very important in the modern world. They can be used for anything - from medicine, to toiletries
 such as shampoos and creams, to more powerful and dangerous substances such as sulphuric acid and
 caustic soda used in industry. Pakistan has large amounts of fairly simple minerals, which can be turned into many different chemicals for I use in industry and agriculture.    

Salt
Salt, from the Salt Range, for example, is the raw material for caustic soda and soda ash, which are essential
 in many industries, including leather and textiles.

Gypsum

a very soft, white rock laid down under the sea millions of years ago, is ground to a fine powder
and used in the paint, rubber, paper and fertilizer industries. It is especially important for making plaster for the walls and ceilings of houses. There is gypsum in the page you are looking at right now -
it helps to make the paper white and opaque.
Sulphur

Sulphur is the base for many industrial processes such as oil refining, paints, fertilizers, dyes and explosives.  Sulphur is associated with volcanic or earthquake activity. The western side of Pakistan is situated on a fault -
a kind of crack - in the Earth's surface. This is where volcanoes usually occur and where sulphur is found.

There is plenty of good quality clay, which is used for pottery and many other industrial and chemical processes.

Limestone is the most common rock in Pakistan. It is found in the Salt Range, the Potwar Plateau, the Margalla Hills
and much of Balochistan, to name only a few places.

Limestone is the main raw material for making cement and, therefore, very important. Cement is vital for building
and construction. Canals are also lined with concrete to prevent loss of water that soaks into the soil.
 Powdered limestone is also used as a fertilizer.
Making cement

Although the raw materials of cement are cheap and plentiful, its manufacture needs huge amounts of heat. Fortunately, the natural gas of the country provides much of this. Broken limestone is put into the top of a huge tilted steel tube, up to 200 metres long and 6 metres wide. The tube turns round very slowly.
At the same time, a very hot flame rushes up from the lower end of the tube. In the intense heat, the limestone turns into lumps of 'rock', which will become cement. When these rocks reach the bottom of the tube they are ground to a powder between huge, steel rollers. This is cement. It is quickly placed in thick paper sacks, because if it gets wet, it will be spoilt, as it will harden.

Fertlizer

The use of artificial fertilizers in farming has risen from 14000 tonnes in 1959 to almost 2 300 000 tonnes in 2000.
Fortunately, many of the raw materials for making fertilizer are found in Pakistan - gypsum, coal,
gas (as an ingredient as well as for heating the industrial processes). Even so, large amounts still
have to be imported. In 2000, 580 000 tonnes worth US$ 170 000 000 were imported.

Metals

Pakistan does not have large amounts of metallic ores. There is some iron, but it is generally of low quality
(less than 33 per cent of the are is metal) so that it is not suitable for making fine steel,
which is so important for industry in the modern world. There are small amounts of better quality are in the
north not far from Chitral, but it is not being seriously mined.

There are small amounts of copper, a very small amount of manganese, which is used in making steel,
and quite large deposits of bauxite, which is made into aluminium.

Steel

It is said that steel and cement are two of the most important products in the modern world 28 percent
of Pakistan`s imports are steel or goods made from steel such as vehicles, trnasport items and machinery.
Steel is made by blowing air mrougn molten Iron, so That the impurities are burned out in great sheets of flame. The iron are and coal found in Pakistan are not suitable for making steel, so all of the raw materials are imported. At Karachi, there is a giant steel plant covering 600 hectares, with hundreds more hectares all around for factories which depend on steel for pipes, girders, parts for vehicles, and more.
The Karachi steel complex produces more than a million tonnes of steel a year.

Carpets
Carpets are the fifth largest export product of Pakistan. earning in 2001 more than Rs 11 500 million. The wool from the tough, hardy mountain sheep is ideai for making carpets and rugs. Some are made in factories, but the best ones are still made by hand in people's homes, where all of the family can take part. The designs are traditional and the skill is passed on from generation to generation.

Sports Equipment

Cricket bats and balls, hockey sticks and other sports equipment rank sixth in Pakistan's exports, earning Rs 11 000 million, just a little less than carpets. Sports goods are made from local wood and leather. Sialkot is the leader in sports goods manufactured in Pakistan.

The latest survey shows that synthetic textiles - nylon, artificial silk, etc. are the second most important earner, equal to rice.
Cottage Industries

This is the making of goods in people's own homes, often with all of the family working, when not engaged in the fields or elsewhere. Often, they use materials from their own land - leather, wool, etc. As the people do not have technical training nor expensive equip­ment, the products are relatively simple but demand considerable skill. Embroidery, deco­rated shoes, ethnic jewellery, carved and other goods for tourists, and, of course, carpets. Cottage industries often supply local needs, such as blacksmiths, cart and furniture makers and potters, and they provide jobs for the local people. Some cottage industries have even grown into small factories. These make sports goods, cutlery and small engineering products, such as electric fans. Cottage and small-scale industries are usually based in villages, and are of great importance to the government. The state often supplies training and money to set up the small workshops.